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Academic writing

Grammar, essays, citations, emails and career writing — short, practical, answer-first and dated.

43 guides

Academic writing APA 7 Citation Guide: In-Text Citations and References With Examples APA 7 uses author-date citations. In the text, give the author surname and year, such as (Okafor, 2019); use "&" for two authors and "et al." from three. At the · 10 min read Academic writing Bibliography vs Reference List vs Works Cited These are the end-of-paper source lists of different citation styles. APA and Harvard use a reference list, MLA uses a Works Cited page, and Chicago uses a bibl · 6 min read Academic writing Et al., Ibid., Op. Cit.: Citation Abbreviations Explained Et al. means "and others" and replaces the names of additional authors. APA 7 uses it from three authors on; MLA 9 does too. Ibid. means "in the same place" and · 7 min read Academic writing Falsely Flagged as AI? Causes and Next Steps If an AI detector flagged writing you did yourself, stay calm: detector scores are statistical estimates, not proof, and they can be wrong, especially for formu · 7 min read Academic writing 25 Figures of Speech With Definitions, Examples and a Quiz A figure of speech is a word or phrase used in a non-literal way to create an effect, such as a comparison, emphasis or humour. Common figures include simile, m · 10 min read Academic writing The Five-Paragraph Essay: Template, Example and When to Move Beyond It A five-paragraph essay has an introduction with a thesis, three body paragraphs that each make one point, and a conclusion. It is a good training structure and · 8 min read Academic writing Footnotes vs Endnotes: How and When to Use Them A footnote appears at the bottom of the page where its marker sits; an endnote is collected at the end of a chapter or document. Chicago notes-bibliography and · 7 min read Academic writing Harvard Referencing: In-Text Citations and Reference List Examples Harvard is an author-date system: a short citation such as (Okafor, 2023) in the text, and a full entry in an alphabetical reference list at the end. There is n · 7 min read Academic writing How Do AI Detectors Work, and How Accurate Are They? AI detectors do not read minds or find a watermark. They measure how predictable a text is, or they use a classifier trained on examples of human and AI writing · 8 min read Academic writing How Long Is a Paragraph? Typical Sentences and Words for Each Use There is no official length. In school and university essays a paragraph is usually 3 to 8 sentences, or roughly 80 to 200 words. Web articles and emails use 1 · 9 min read Academic writing How to Avoid Plagiarism: 7 Habits That Work You avoid plagiarism by always showing where words and ideas came from. Keep a source tag on every note, put exact words in quotation marks, paraphrase properly · 8 min read Academic writing How to Check for Plagiarism: Free and Paid Options To check for plagiarism, search a few distinctive sentences in quotation marks, then run the whole text through a similarity checker and read every match. No to · 9 min read Academic writing How to Cite a Website in APA, MLA and Chicago (Even With No Author or Date) To cite a website, collect the author, the date, the title of the page, the name of the site and the URL, then arrange them in your style. APA 7 puts the date a · 7 min read Academic writing How to Cite ChatGPT and Other AI Tools (APA, MLA, Chicago) Cite an AI tool whenever you quote, paraphrase or build on its output. APA treats the company as the author, MLA describes the prompt and names the tool, and Ch · 9 min read Academic writing How to Make AI Text Sound Human: Ten Edits for Voice To make AI-drafted text sound human, edit it for voice and accuracy: add specifics only you know, vary sentence length, cut filler, take a clear position, and s · 8 min read Academic writing How to Write a Body Paragraph (PEEL Method With Examples) A body paragraph makes one point and proves it. Open with a topic sentence (the claim), add evidence such as a fact, example or quotation, explain why that evid · 8 min read Academic writing How to Write a Book Report or Book Review: Template and Example A book report tells the reader what a book is about and what it shows; a book review adds your judgment of how well it works. Open with the title, author and a · 7 min read Academic writing How to Write a Cause and Effect Essay: Structure, Wording and Example A cause and effect essay explains why something happened, what resulted from it, or both. Pick a focus, choose block or chain structure, and support every link · 7 min read Academic writing How to Write a Composition: Types, Planning, Paragraphs and Samples A composition is a piece of continuous writing on a set topic, common in English exams in India, Singapore, Malaysia, Nigeria and many other classrooms. To writ · 9 min read Academic writing How to Write a Conclusion for an Essay or Paper (With Examples) A good conclusion does three things: it restates your main argument in fresh words, synthesises your key points into one larger insight, and closes with a clear · 8 min read Academic writing How to Write a Hook: 10 Types With Examples for Essays and Articles A hook is the first sentence or two of a piece of writing, designed to make the reader want to continue. Choose a type that fits your genre: a question, surpris · 8 min read Academic writing How to Write a Narrative Essay: Structure, Techniques and an Example A narrative essay tells a true story, usually in the first person, to make a point about what the experience meant. Build it on a clear arc: a setting, a proble · 9 min read Academic writing How to Write a Paragraph: Topic Sentence, Support and Examples A good paragraph makes one point and proves it. Open with a topic sentence that states the point, add two to four sentences of evidence, explanation or detail, · 8 min read Academic writing How to Write a Persuasive Essay: Techniques, Outline and Example A persuasive essay tries to move the reader to agree or act. Choose a clear position, know your audience, and combine credibility (ethos), emotion (pathos) and · 9 min read Academic writing How to Write a Thesis Statement: Formula, Types and 12 Examples A thesis statement is one or two sentences, usually at the end of your introduction, that state the main claim of your essay and the reasons behind it. Use the · 9 min read Academic writing How to Write a Topic Sentence (With 15 Examples) A topic sentence is the sentence that states the single main point of a paragraph, usually the first one. Write it by naming your subject, making a claim about · 8 min read Academic writing How to Write an Analytical Essay and a Rhetorical Analysis An analytical essay breaks a text, event or idea into parts and explains how those parts create meaning. It does not retell. State a debatable claim, support ea · 9 min read Academic writing How to Write an Argumentative Essay: Outline, Annotated Example and Checklist An argumentative essay takes a debatable position and defends it with reasons and evidence. Build it in five moves: a specific, arguable thesis; reasons in orde · 12 min read Academic writing How to Write an Essay: A Step-by-Step Guide With an Outline Template To write an essay, follow seven steps: analyse the prompt, gather evidence, draft a working thesis, build an outline, write the first draft, revise for argument · 10 min read Academic writing How to Write an Essay Outline: Formats, Templates and a Worked Example To write an essay outline, start with your thesis statement, list the main points that prove it, put each point in a logical order, and add the evidence or exam · 8 min read Academic writing Expository Essay: Definition, Structure and a Full Example An expository essay explains a topic clearly and neutrally, using facts, examples and evidence instead of personal opinion. It has an introduction with a thesis · 8 min read Academic writing How to Write an Introduction: Hook, Context, Thesis (With 6 Examples) An introduction does three jobs in order: it hooks the reader, gives just enough context, and ends with a thesis that states your argument. For a school essay t · 9 min read Academic writing In-Text Citations: APA, MLA and Chicago Examples Side by Side An in-text citation points the reader from a sentence to the full entry in your reference list. APA uses author and year, (Okafor, 2021). MLA uses author and pa · 10 min read Academic writing Is Using AI Plagiarism? How to Disclose It Using AI is not automatically plagiarism, but passing off AI-generated text or ideas as your own work usually is, and so is using AI where your course or employ · 8 min read Academic writing 30 Literary Devices With Examples From Well-Known Texts Literary devices are the techniques writers use to build meaning and effect. They fall into narrative devices, such as foreshadowing, flashback and irony, and f · 10 min read Academic writing MLA Format: Works Cited, In-Text Citations and Paper Setup (MLA 9) MLA format (9th edition) uses a short in-text citation, usually the author and page number such as (Okafor 14), and an alphabetical Works Cited page at the end. · 8 min read Academic writing Primary vs Secondary Sources: Definitions, Examples and How to Tell Them Apart A primary source is first-hand evidence from the time or the person involved, such as a diary, a dataset or a court judgment. A secondary source analyzes or int · 8 min read Academic writing 100 Sentence Starters for Essays: Introduce, Argue, Contrast and Conclude A good sentence starter tells the reader what job the sentence does: introduce a point, add evidence, contrast an idea, give an example or conclude. Pick the st · 9 min read Academic writing Transition Words and Phrases: 120 Examples by Use, With Punctuation Transition words link one idea to the next and tell the reader how they relate: addition, contrast, cause and effect, sequence, example or conclusion. Pick the · 12 min read Academic writing The 4 Types of Writing: Narrative, Descriptive, Expository and Persuasive The four main types of writing are narrative (tells a story), descriptive (paints a picture), expository (explains or informs) and persuasive (convinces the rea · 8 min read Academic writing What Is ChatGPT? A Plain-English Guide for Writers and Students ChatGPT is an AI chatbot made by OpenAI. You type a request in ordinary language and it writes a reply. It is built on a large language model that predicts like · 8 min read Academic writing What Is Claude AI? How It Works, What It Is Good For, and What to Check First Claude is an AI assistant made by the company Anthropic. You type a request in plain English and it replies with text: outlines, summaries, feedback on a draft, · 8 min read Academic writing What Is Plagiarism? 8 Types With Examples Plagiarism is presenting another person's words, ideas, data or work as your own without giving credit. It can be deliberate or accidental, and it covers copied · 8 min read

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